因果的奥秘

This is intended as a brief discussion of the nature, distinctions, ramifications and questions regarding causality.

在这篇文章中，我准备简单地谈一谈有关因果的问题，其中包括因果的本体、分别、支分细节以及对因果的疑问。

What is cause and effect? For example, if a person commits theft，in terms of the person’s body, speech, or mind, which one is the cause? The word “karma,” which we often use in our speech，connotes the same meaning as “cause” here. A thief uses hands to grab something and puts it in a bag. Is this action the cause? When someone thinks, “I’m going to steal this.” Is this thought the cause? In the case of stealing, should the action of the hands be construed as the cause or the thought?

什么叫做因果呢？比如说：一个人去偷盗，在偷了东西以后，在他的身口意中哪一个是因呢？我们经常讲的业，在这里和因是一回事。偷盗人用手去抓一个东西放到自己的包里，这是不是叫作因呢？当一个人心里想：我要去偷这个东西，这个起心动念是因吗？上述身口意行为当中到底哪一个是因？

The Sarvastivada School and the Yogacara (Mind-Only) School hold many different viewpoints on the interpretation of causality, but the ones elucidated by the Mind-Only School are the more comprehensive within the context of the Relative Truth. The Yogacara School thinks that everyone has a mind continuum from beginningless time until the attainment of enlightenment. This mind continuum sometimes has the five consciousnesses of eyes, ears, nose, tongue and body, but sometimes not. No matter how it manifests itself, a permanent existence called the alaya consciousness is present at all times. Whenever karma is committed, a karmic seed will be planted in the alaya consciousness.

关于因果的解释，一切有部和唯识宗有很多不同的观点，但在名言谛中比较究竟的，还是唯识宗所阐述的观点。他们认为，每一个人从无始以来到成佛之间，都有一个心的相续，此心相续有时候有眼耳鼻舌等五识，有时候没有，但无论它有怎样不同的分别，总有一个恒时不灭的存在，就叫阿赖耶识。造了业以后，就会在阿赖耶识里播下一个种子。

There is an analogy for this. When ink is poured on the snow, the snow will be turned into ink color. After it melts, the color can still be seen on the ground. Similarly, if karma is born of defilements, the karmic mark will be left in the alaya consciousness after defilements are gone. Karma (or cause) is kind of a unique ability. Although our eyes cannot see how rice seeds germinate, they do have within themselves the capacity to do so. Likewise, when a karmic seed is planted in the alaya consciousness, it will yield fruit when all the right conditions come together. This fruit is also called karmic effect. And this particular capacity of the alaya consciousness to yield karmic fruit is the inherent nature of cause.

还有一个比喻是：下雪的时候，如果将墨水倒在雪里，雪就变成了墨水的颜色，雪化之后，在地上仍可以看到这种颜色。同样的，如果以烦恼去造业，当这个烦恼消失的时候，这个业就会留在阿赖耶识上。业（或因）是一种特殊的能力，就像稻谷的种子，虽然我们肉眼看不出它能生出稻芽，但它确实蕴藏着这样的能力。同样，当阿赖耶识上播下一个业的“种子”，经过一段时间，在因缘成熟后，它就会产生“果”，这个果也叫报应。所以，因（或业）的本性就是阿赖耶识上这种特殊的能力。