旁观者效应
What Is the Bystander Effect
《科学美国人》授权发布
Republishing Authorized by Scientific American
你是否想过，为什么在人群中
ever wonder why even in a crowd
当有人受了欺负，似乎没有人愿意挺身而出
no one seems to step in when someone is bullied
似乎也没有人去帮助身体出现不适的人
Or help someone that is feeling unwell
答案是：旁观者效应
the answer is the bystander effect
旁观者效应是一种奇怪的心理现象
The bystander effect is a strange psychological phenomenon
事发周围的人越多
the more people there are around
旁观者介入紧急情况的可能性就越小
the less likely bystanders are to intervene in an emergency situation
有一种解释说，众多的旁观者导致责任分散效应
one explanation is that the diffusion of responsibility among multiple bystanders
会使每个旁观者认为其他人会站出来采取行动
leads each person to believe someone else will stand forward and take action
如果旁观者认为其他人更有能力，则会使责任分散效应更为增强
the effect is likely also bolstered by bystanders assuming other people
例如认为医生或者警察等人更有资格提供帮助
such as doctors or police officers are more qualified to help
这种效应使得旁观者害怕受到伤害，或者担心自己的介入是多余的
fearing harm and worrying their intervention will be unneeded or unwanted
单独的旁观者比成群的旁观者更有可能注意到受害者
Lone bystanders are more likely to notice a victim than bystanders in groups
这是因为当人们聚在一起时
this is because when people are together
社会规范决定了我们更关注彼此
social norms dictate that we focus on each other
而对周围事物的注意力则会减弱
and pay less attention to our surroundings
一旦旁观者确实注意到了受害者
once a bystander does notice the victim
他们也会去观察周围人对此事的态度
they might look at other people nearby to interpret the situation
如果没有人做出反应
if no one else is reacting
旁观者也会照样什么也不做
the bystander might conform and do nothing
旁观者也许会认为
there may be a assumption
其他的旁观者更有能力处理状况
that the other bystanders have more knowledge about the given situation
并且认为其他人正在采取恰当的行动
and are behaving appropriately
如果旁观者认为情况确实紧急
if the bystander does deem the situation in emergency
并且觉得应该有人采取行动
and think someone should do something
那么旁观者就不得不审视一下他们的个人责任
they then have to contemplate their personal responsibility
如此，他们的责任感和同情心也许会增强
feelings of obligation and empathy could be increased
如果旁观者有过医疗或者自我防卫的训练
if the bystander has medical or self-defense training
如果他们认识受害者
if they know the victim
并且认为受害者应该得到帮助
and if they believe the victim deserves help
那实际上他们最终会决定提供帮助
the final step is actually deciding to help
要么直接参与救助，要么联系相关部门
either by intervening directly or contacting the authorities
这样一来，旁观者效应最终就被克服了
finally the bystander effect has been overcome
然而最近的一份研究表明
however a recent study suggests
在职场中，旁观者效应会阻碍下级的想法、顾虑和意见
the bystander effect can prevent ideas，concerns and opinions
传达到上级管理层
from reaching upper management in the workplace
如果一个员工确信某个信息已经广为人知
if an employee is confident that information is widely known
并且已在其他员工中引起议论
And discussed among other employees
这样，由于责任的分散
A diffusion of responsibility lowers the chance
使得他们将信息上报给管理者的可能性会降低
that they will tell their manager the information
研究者将这种现象称作“声音旁观者效应”
researchers call this The Voice Bystander Effect
这里是科学美国人
From Scientific American
我是蒂姆•帕尔米耶里
I&aposm Tim Palmieri
智悲翻译中心
译制人员
翻译：古霖
校对：阿鲁斯
净馨
终审：善护念
制作：Anita