解脱法要，唯三法印，其余不争

Wisdom

（一）智

It means the wisdom of the Buddha，which is not quite the same as worldly wisdom despite some similarities between the two. For instance, the Buddha’s description of sahalokadhatu, or the universe in plain language, and his views on the various worldly matters sometimes agreed and other times disagreed with that of ordinary people. In any case, the Buddha had his reasons for making certain statements.

所谓“智”，是指佛的智慧，其与世间的智慧不尽相同，但也有类似之处。譬如，佛对娑婆世界——亦即世间人所说的宇宙——的描述，或对世间种种事物的看法，既有与一般凡夫的观点一致的地方，也有出入较大之处，但无论如何，佛之所言都有其一定的道理。

For example，the Buddha had mentioned the existence of Mount Sumeru and the four continents around it when describing the macro world. This differed with the view of the universe held by some in the secular world. In the eyes of ordinary folks, the phenomena described by the Buddha were nowhere to be found.

例如，佛在描述宏观世界时，曾提到有须弥山、四大部洲等等的存在，这就与部分世人的宇宙观有着一定的差异，因为以常人的眼光来看，这些事物都是无法找到的。

Though I have explained before, it is more meaningful for us now, as opposed to people in the olden days, to understand the reason for the Buddha’s description of the universe. In ancient times, people’s knowledge about the structure and the constituent dynamics of the universe was limited. Buddhists at that time did not delve into this topic either. So there was no urgent need to elucidate further. Today, however, with the help of modern technology，the great majority has come to accept the current view of the universe, particularly at the macro level. Understandably, there are differences as well as similarities when compared with that of Buddhism. In order for people not to misinterpret the Buddhist view, it is necessary to explain once again why the Buddha chose to describe the universe the way he did.

虽然在之前，我就已经讲过佛陀为何要如此描述的原因，相对于古代的人来说，如果能明白这个道理，对生活在现代的我们更具有深刻的意义。因为，古代人对宇宙的形成与结构所知有限，当时的佛教徒也不会对这个议题进行进一步的思维，所以没有必须解释的迫切性，但在当今世界，依赖现代科技而形成的宇宙观，尤其是对宏观世界的认知早已深入人心，其中就有许多与佛教亦异亦同的观点。为了不让世人对佛教产生误会，所以有必要再次予以说明：

Buddha’s primary goal of teaching was to communicate precisely the doctrine of the Three Dharma Seals to the listeners. Failing this, the teaching would have been pointless. What made the Three Dharma Seals so important? The answer is in the sutras. A disciple once asked the Buddha, “How can the real teachings be distinguished if the non-Buddhists try to deceive with their false version after you, The Blessed One, pass into nirvana?” The Buddha answered, “Any teaching，as long as it espouses the principles of the Three Dharma Seals, can be considered Buddhist teaching; otherwise, it is not Buddhist teaching.” The fact that the Buddha always emphasized the key points in his transmissions should explain why so much importance has been attached to the Three Dharma Seals.

佛陀传法的首要目标，就是要向每一位听法者确切地传达三法印的义理，如果不能讲清三法印的道理，就失去了传法的意义。凭什么说三法印如此重要呢？这是有经教为证的，佛陀在世期间，弟子曾问佛：佛陀圆寂后，若有外道假造佛经，该如何分辨正法与伪法呢？佛回答说：无论任何经论，只要包含了三法印的道理，都可纳入佛教之中，否则，就不是佛法。提纲挈领抓住要点，才是佛陀最看重的，这就是为什么佛传法时十分注重三法印的原因。

In the time of the Buddha, the listeners came from all walks of life. There were non-Buddhists, Brahmins, celestial beings, nagas, etc. Many of the Brahmins maintained a view of the universe that was at variance with the facts. The Buddha knew that to contradict them inopportunely would not only make them feel disagreeable but also jeopardize his work of propagating the Dharma. In order to teach them according to their capacity, the Buddha chose to apply skillful means instead, that is, to go along with their views, even knowing that those were wrong, as long as he could teach them the three characteristics of conditioned existence—impermanence, suffering and no-self (the Three Dharma Seals). The Buddha would not mind if the rest of their views were valid or not, because only through the knowledge of the Three Dharma Seals could they be liberated from samsara. Other branches of learning, no matter how proficient one is in, do not concern the question of liberation.

释迦牟尼佛住世期间，在释迦教法的听众当中，有着各种不同背景的众生──外道、婆罗门教徒、天人、非人等等。其中以婆罗门教徒为主的很多听众，都持有与实际不符的宇宙观。佛陀深知，如果不合时宜地去驳斥他们，必然会引起他们的反感，弘扬佛法的事业也将受到威胁。为了与这些听众的根基相应，释迦牟尼佛便采用了一些善巧方便——虽然明知那些观点是不对的，却没有去推翻他们。只要能传讲三法印中诸行无常、有漏皆苦、诸法无我的道理，其他观点正确与否都不必在意。因为唯有通达三法印，才能让他们从轮回中解脱。其他诸如宇宙观等等学得再透彻，也与解脱没有任何关系。

It is precisely due to the fact that the Buddha did not correct them that the view of the universe then was preserved. Once the capacity of the audience changed, the Buddha would also make timely corrections of their old views of the universe or other matters, and establish other viewpoints that might better correspond to their capacity. There are a variety of skillful means that the Buddha used to transmit the teachings, which have resulted in the kind of view of the universe in the sutras that is different from the modern understanding.

正因为佛陀没有更正他们的其他观点，所以当时的宇宙观就被保留了下来。当听众的根基发生变化时，佛即会适时地驳斥他们原有的宇宙观或其他观点，并建立一种与其根基相应的宇宙观，这些都是佛陀传法时所用的善巧方便。之所以会有不同于现代的宇宙观出现在经典中，就是因为这个原因。