独乐乐还是众乐乐？

3.  Dedications

3、回向殊胜

What does dedication mean? For example, there are ten people and only one of them has food. The owner of the food could just keep it for self consumption. Instead, out of compassion, the food is shared with the other nine. Dedication is similar to this sharing. The good seeds sown by the virtuous actions that people perform will bear virtuous fruit. Mahayana practitioners, unwilling to enjoy the positive karmic result by themselves alone，give the fruit to all sentient beings to share. This is what dedication connotes.

回向的含义是什么呢？譬如，有十个人，其中只有一人有食物，而其他九人却没有，现有的食物本来可以被拥有者独享，但他却舍不得，而愿与其他九个人共同分享。回向的含义也与此类似。人们在行善时所造的善根，能够获得善报，但大乘的修行人却不愿独自享受此善果，而是将它分给普天下所有的众生，这就是回向的内涵。

There are two types of dedication: poisonous and nonpoisonous. “Poisonous dedication” means dedication with attachment. It is stated in the Prajnaparamita Sutra that good seeds sown with attachment is like poisonous food. It may taste delicious at first, but will cause tremendous pain when the poison takes effect. Similarly, good seeds sown not by actions performed with mind free of clinging, as explained above, may perhaps yield some transitory benefit, but more suffering will ensue and no liberation attained because such actions are deemed defiled phenomena.

回向有两种，一是有毒的回向，二是无毒的回向。所谓“有毒的回向”，就是有执着的回向。《般若波罗密多经》里讲过，凡是有执着的善根，就像有毒的食品。虽然在吃有毒食物的时候，也许还会感觉味道鲜美可口，但当毒发之时，就会痛苦异常。同样，有执着的、不是三轮体空的善根，虽然也会带来一些临时性的善报，但因为是有漏之法，所以不但不能最终脱离轮回的痛苦，反而会引发众多苦受。

Nonpoisonous dedication refers to dedication free of attachment and concepts, i.e. to dedicate while in the state of realization that the true nature of all phenomena is emptiness. Nonpoisonous dedication is further classified into two types—genuine and simulated. Genuine nonpoisonous dedication refers to the one made by the bodhisattvas, who have arrived at the first ground or higher, in a state of thought-free concentration. It is beyond the capability of ordinary people whose capacity is more suitable for simulated nonpoisonous dedication. This type of dedication is not to use the logic of Madhyamaka to discern the void nature of all phenomena but the visualization as described in the Thirty-five Buddhas Repentance Ritual. One should visualize in earnest as follows: “However the Buddhas and bodhisattvas of all times and ten directions dedicate their merit，I do the same with mine.” This way is simulated nonpoisonous dedication.

无毒的回向是指无执着的回向、无缘的回向，也即在证悟空性的境界中回向。无毒的回向又分为两种：一是真实的无毒回向，二是相似的无毒回向。所谓“真实的无毒回向”，是指登地以上的菩萨在无缘禅定中的回向，这是薄地凡夫所无法做到的。我们现在只能做相似的无毒回向，这种回向不是指以中观的逻辑来抉择一切法是空性，而是按照《三十五佛忏悔文》里所讲的方法，真心诚意地进行观想：所有十方三世的佛菩萨如何回向其善根，我也如是回向我的善根。这种回向，就是相似的无毒回向。