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如何正确帮助过世的亲人和死后49天之内的亡人？

索达吉堪布国际佛学网 2019-05-24

人死后并非一了百了

Death is not the end

山顶上的男人

当今时代，人们对临终者的关怀远远不够。

Nowadays, the care people extend to a dying person is nowhere near enough.

如果谁家生了个宝宝，全家人有一套娴熟的“育儿经”；

When an infant arrives in a household, the whole family is all too ready to help with “baby-care basics.”

可是家里有位老人濒临死亡，许多人只有哀伤、无助，想帮他却不知从何做起。

However, when an elder in the family is dying, many people feel distressed and powerless, not knowing how to help, even if they want to.

人去世的时候会非常可怜，就像中阴窍诀所描述的：

The experience of a dying person is extremely miserable. The death bardo instructions describe:

前有阎罗狱卒牵引，后有业风吹动，虽然万般不情愿，却不得不舍弃今生的一切，踏上通往来世的中阴长道，独自面对各种恐怖的景象……

“Dragged in the front by the henchmen of the Lord of Death and pushed in the back by the karmic winds, however unwilling, the deceased must leave behind all the possessions of this life and enter the long bardo path, meeting horrible apparitions utterly alone.”

在这个时候，亡者最需要亲人的帮助。

At this moment, assistance from loved ones is what the dying person needs most.

在藏地，许多人都修学过中阴密法，知道如何面对死亡，帮助别人也得心应手。

Many Tibetans have learned the esoteric bardo teachings and know how to face death themselves, as well as how to properly help others.

他们在生命走到尽头时，当临死中阴、法性中阴、转世中阴一一现前，依靠金刚上师的指点，以认识心的本性或文武百尊的方式，便很容易获得解脱。

At the end of life, when the bardo of dying, the bardo of luminosity and the bardo of becoming unfold to them one by one, they can attain liberation effortlessly through recognizing the nature of mind or the Hundred Peaceful and Wrathful Deities as instructed by their masters.

中阴密法里也详细介绍过，当死亡来临时，上根者如何以证悟法性而获得解脱；

The esoteric bardo teachings describe in detail how people with superior capacity realize the truth of the absolute nature at the time of death to gain liberation,

中根者在中阴期间，如何以各种窍诀而解脱；
how people with middling capacity apply pith instructions in the bardo to gain liberation,

下根者如何将心识转为道用，从而于幻化世界成为利益众生的化身。

and how those with lower capacity transform consciousness onto the path and manifest forms in the illusory world to benefit sentient beings.

此外，莲师也有许多不共的窍诀——法身往生法、报身往生法、化身往生法，以及刹那往生法等。

Furthermore, guru Padmasambhava has imparted many extraordinary instructions—on the transference of consciousness to the dharmakaya, to the sambhogakaya, or to the nirmanakaya, as well as the way of instant transference of consciousness.

而且，藏地的人死后四十九天内，每天都有人为其念《闻解脱》（即《西藏度亡经》）等，

Additionally, in Tibet, the scripture Liberation Through Hearing and others will be read to the deceased throughout the first forty-nine days after death.

依靠这些密法的加持，可以不同程度地利益亡者。

By the blessings of these esoteric practices, the deceased will receive benefit in various degrees.

当然，做四十九天佛事，并不是藏地独有的，汉地也有这种说法。

Conducting a forty-nine-day ritual for the dead is not exclusively a Tibetan tradition; it also exists in the Han area.

如《地藏经》中云：“若能更为身死之后，七七日内广造众善，能使是诸众生永离恶趣，得生人天受胜妙乐，现在眷属利益无量。”

For example, the Sutra of Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha’s Fundamental Vows states, “If relatives can do many good deeds in the name of the deceased within the period of forty-nine days after death, their virtue will help the deceased veer from the evil path forever and be born among humans or gods, enjoying supreme happiness. It will also accrue boundless benefit for the relatives themselves.”

不过，请人为亡者念经四十九天，现在汉地可能没有这个条件。

However, sponsoring a forty-nine-day sutra reading for the dead may not be practical in Han China these days.

假如实在不行，子女也可以在亡者的灵牌前，每天念一些经文，比如《金刚经》《阿弥陀经》《普贤行愿品》《地藏经》《法华经》，或者念阿弥陀佛名号、观音心咒等，

If nothing else, at the very least the children of the deceased should read daily in front of the spirit tablet sutras like the Diamond Sutra, the Amitabha Sutra, Samantabhadra’s Aspiration to Good Actions, the Sutra of Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha’s Fundamental Vows, the Wonderful Dharma Lotus Flower Sutra, or recite the mantras of Buddha Amitabha or Avalokiteshvara.

然后将此功德回向亡者离苦得乐。

At the end, dedicate the merit to the deceased, wishing for them the attainment of ultimate happiness and freedom from suffering.

在藏地，有些家的子女，不但会给亡人做四十九天的佛事，甚至每一年都会为他做佛事：

In Tibet, children of some families will sponsor not only a full forty-nine-day ritual but also yearly pujas for the dead.

有的是交钱给寺院，请僧众念往生法或观音心咒；

Some will offer money to monasteries and request the monastics to read the transference liturgy or the Mani mantra.

有的是把亡者的名字写好，和念经钱一起交给高僧大德，请他超度亡者的神识；

Some beseech an eminent master to deliver the consciousness of the deceased whose name is written on their offering envelope.

有的是在埋葬亡者遗骨的地方，悬挂经旗、刻观音心咒……

Still others will hang prayer flags or carve Mani stones at the burial sites of the dead.

有人听后，或许不以为然：“人都已经死很久了，再做这些有什么用？”

Some people, however, may be doubtful of these customs: “Why be so fussy about all these activities? The person has long been dead!”

但实际上，人死后并非一了百了，

The fact of the matter is that death is not the end!

不管他去世后多久，若能为他多做佛事，依靠三宝不可思议的加持，必定会对他所投生的那一世有利，可以减少他的很多痛苦。

Regardless of how long ago people have died, Buddhist rituals (which are blessed by the inconceivable power of the Three Jewels) done in their names will definitely benefit them in their current life and minimize their suffering.

所以，若想帮助过世的亲人，你有条件可以请僧众做佛事，

Therefore, in order to help dead relatives, sponsor monastics to perform rituals for them if you have the means.

也可以自己诵经念咒，多做善事，将功德回向给亡人。

You can also recite scriptures and mantras yourself and carry out plenty of virtuous deeds.

回向的时候，可以在心里观想将功德回向他，也可以口中说出来：“以此功德，愿某某往生西方极乐世界。”

Dedicate your merit to the dead silently or saying it out aloud, “By this virtue, may so-and-so attain a rebirth in the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss.”

有些人可能会想：“如果是高僧大德，给亡人念经当然很好，但像我这样的凡夫，念经回向有什么用啊？”

Still, others may contend, “It definitely is wonderful to have great spiritual masters recite scriptures and dedicate merit to the deceased. However, what use is there for an ordinary fellow like me to do these rituals?”

这种想法，是不懂佛法的表现。

This kind of notion actually betrays one’s ignorance of the Buddhadharma.

要知道，佛菩萨的经咒不论从谁的口中念出来，都会对亡人有利益。

You need to know that scripture reading and mantra recitation will always benefit the deceased, irrespective of whose mouths utter them.

就好比金钱在哪儿都有用，富人可以用，在穷人手里也照样可以，同样，佛号、心咒、佛经是极具加持的金刚语，谁念都可以产生力量。

Money works anywhere, whether used by a rich person or a poor wretch. Likewise, the adamantine expressions—the holy names of the Buddhas, heart mantras and Buddhist scriptures—will never fail to deliver their incredible power of blessing when invoked by anyone.

没有任何一部佛经中说：只有高僧大德才能念经超度亡人，而一般人没有这个资格。

None of the sutras has stipulated that only accomplished masters can read scriptures to help the dead or that ordinary folks are not qualified.

我们得一个人身不容易，在最关键的时刻，若没有获得佛法的利益，是特别可惜的。

For us to obtain a human existence is very difficult, and it is downright regrettable if we do not make use of the Dharma at this most critical moment.

希望每个人在生前掌握一些临终窍诀，这对自己、对他人都有利。

I hope everyone will learn well these pith instructions for the dying moment. This will benefit ourselves as well as others.

毕竟，死亡是谁也逃不掉的命运！

After all, death is a fate none of us can escape!

索达吉堪布《做，才是得到》

Khenpo Sodargye《Achieve by Doing》

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